unicorn

/ˈjuː.nΙͺ.kɔːn/Β·nounΒ·13th centuryΒ·Established

Origin

Latin 'Ε«nicornis' (one-horned) translated Greek 'monokeros,' which probably described the Indian rhiβ€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œnoceros β€” centuries of biblical translation and artistic embellishment transformed a real animal into a mythical white horse.

Definition

A mythical horse-like creature with a single spiralling horn on its forehead; in modern usage, sometβ€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œhing extremely rare or valuable.

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The unicorn almost certainly started as a rhinoceros. The Greek physician Ctesias described a wild animal in India around 400 BCE with a single horn on its forehead β€” probably based on travellers' accounts of the Indian rhinoceros, seen from a distance. When biblical translators needed a Greek word for the Hebrew 're'em' (likely the aurochs), they chose 'monokeros,' and Latin Bibles rendered it 'Ε«nicornis.' Through centuries of copying and embellishment, the rhino became a white horse.

Etymology

Latin13th centurywell-attested

From Old French 'unicorne,' from Latin 'Ε«nicornis' (one-horned), a compound of 'Ε«nus' (one) and 'cornΕ«' (horn). The Latin word was itself a translation of Greek 'monokeros' (ΞΌΞΏΞ½ΟŒΞΊΞ΅ΟΟ‰Ο‚), meaning 'single-horned,' which appears in the writings of Ctesias (c. 400 BCE) describing a wild animal in India β€” probably a garbled account of the Indian rhinoceros. The Greek Septuagint Bible used 'monokeros' to translate the Hebrew 're'em' (a powerful horned animal, likely the extinct aurochs), and Latin Bibles rendered this as 'Ε«nicornis.' Through this chain of mistranslations, a real Indian animal became a supernatural European creature. The word entered English in the 13th century from Anglo-Norman French. Key roots: Ε«nus (Latin: "one"), cornΕ« (Latin: "horn").

Ancient Roots

This Word in Other Languages

licorne(French)unicornio(Spanish)unicorno(Italian)Einhorn(German)

Unicorn traces back to Latin Ε«nus, meaning "one", with related forms in Latin cornΕ« ("horn"). Across languages it shares form or sense with French licorne, Spanish unicornio, Italian unicorno and German Einhorn, evidence of a shared etymological family.

Connections

See also

unicorn on Merriam-Webstermerriam-webster.com
unicorn on Wiktionaryen.wiktionary.org
Proto-Indo-European rootsproto-indo-european.org

Background

The Etymology of Unicorn

The unicorn is a mistranslation that became a myth.β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œ Around 400 BCE, the Greek physician Ctesias wrote about a wild animal in India with a single horn on its forehead, almost certainly based on garbled accounts of the Indian rhinoceros seen from a distance. He used the word 'monokeros' (single-horned), and the description entered the Western imagination. Centuries later, when Jewish scholars translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek (the Septuagint), they needed a word for 're'em' β€” a powerful horned beast, probably the now-extinct aurochs. They chose 'monokeros,' and when St Jerome translated the Bible into Latin around 400 CE, he rendered it 'Ε«nicornis,' from 'Ε«nus' (one) and 'cornΕ«' (horn).

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