dharma

/ˈdɑːr.mΙ™/Β·nounΒ·1796Β·Established

Origin

From Sanskrit dharma (law, duty, right conduct), from the root dhαΉ› (to hold, to support).β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œ Entered English in the 18th century through colonial contact with Hindu and Buddhist texts.

Definition

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the cosmic law underlying right behaviour and the natural order of the uniβ€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œverse; duty, righteousness, or truth.

Did you know?

The same Proto-Indo-European root that gave India 'dharma' (cosmic law) gave Europe 'firm' and 'form' via Latin. At the deepest level, when a Hindu speaks of dharma and an English speaker says something is 'firm,' they are using descendants of the same five-thousand-year-old word for holding things in place.

Etymology

Sanskrit18th century (in English)well-attested

From Sanskrit 'dharma' (law, duty, that which upholds), from the root 'dhαΉ›' (to hold, to support, to maintain), from Proto-Indo-European *dΚ°er- (to hold firmly, to support). This PIE root is extraordinarily productive in English: it also gave rise to Latin 'firmus' (firm), 'forma' (form), and 'fortis' (strong), making 'dharma' a distant cousin of 'firm,' 'form,' 'fort,' 'comfort,' and 'reform.' The underlying metaphor is of something that holds the universe together β€” the foundational order that supports all existence. The word's meaning varies significantly across Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Key roots: dhαΉ› (Sanskrit: "to hold, to support").

Ancient Roots

This Word in Other Languages

dhamma(Pali)firm(English)form(English)throne(English)

Dharma traces back to Sanskrit dhαΉ›, meaning "to hold, to support". Across languages it shares form or sense with Pali dhamma, English firm, English form and English throne, evidence of a shared etymological family.

Connections

See also

dharma on Merriam-Webstermerriam-webster.com
dharma on Wiktionaryen.wiktionary.org
Proto-Indo-European rootsproto-indo-european.org

Background

The Etymology of Dharma

'Dharma' comes from Sanskrit 'dhαΉ›' (to hold, to support), expressing the idea of a cosmic law that holds the universe together.β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€Œβ€‹β€Œβ€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€β€‹β€Œ The same Proto-Indo-European root *dΚ°er- (to hold firmly) produced Latin 'firmus' (firm), 'forma' (form), and 'fortis' (strong) β€” making 'dharma' an etymological sibling of 'firm,' 'fort,' 'comfort,' and even 'reform.' This shared ancestry means that a word for cosmic righteousness in India and a word for structural solidity in Europe descend from the same prehistoric metaphor: holding things in place. In Pali, the Buddhist tradition's liturgical language, the word appears as 'dhamma,' and it remains central to Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain thought with subtly different meanings in each.

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